拓展训练，又称外展训练（Outward bound）,原意为一艘小船驶离平静的港湾，义无反顾地投向未知的旅程，去迎接一次次挑战。这种训练起源于二战期间的英国。当时大西洋商务船队屡遭德国人袭击，许多缺乏经验的年轻海员葬身海底，针对这种情况，汉思等人创办了"阿伯德威海上学校"，训练年轻海员在海上的生存能力和船触礁后的生存技巧，使他们的身体和意志都得到锻炼。战争结束后，许多人认为这种训练仍然可以保留。于是拓展训练的独特创意和训练方式逐渐被推广开来，训练对象也由最初的海员扩大到军人、学生、工商业人员等各类群体。训练目标也由单纯的体能、生存训练扩展到心理训练、人格训练、管理训练等。
Outward bound, also known as Outward bound, was originally intended for a boat to leave the calm harbor, and proceed without hesitation to the unknown journey, to meet the challenges again and again. This training originated in Britain during World War ii. The the Atlantic business fleet was repeated German attacks, many young seafarers lack of experience at the bottom of the sea, in this case, Hans et al founded the "Abed Weihai school", training young sailor at sea when the ship is on the rock's viability and survival skills, make their body and will get exercise. After the war, many people thought that the training could still be retained. Therefore, the unique training and training methods of outward bound were gradually promoted, and the training objects were expanded from the initial seafarers to military, student, industrial and commercial personnel and other groups. The training goal also extends from simple physical fitness and survival training to psychological training, personality training, management training, etc..
??拓展训练通常利用崇山峻岭、翰海大川等自然环境，通过精心设计的活动达到"磨练意志、陶冶情操、完善人格、熔炼团队"的培训目的。
?? Development training is usually use, a natural environment such as high mountains and lofty hills mountains, to "temper the will, edify sentiment, perfect personality, smelting team" training objective through carefully designed activities.
??拓展训练的课程主要由水上、野外和场地三类课程组成。水上课程包括：游泳、跳水、扎筏、划艇等；野外课程包括：远足露营、登山攀岩、野外定向、伞翼滑翔、户外生存技能等；场地课程是在专门的训练场地上，利用各种训练设施，如高架绳网等，开展各种团队组合课程及攀岩、跳越等心理训练活动。
Outward bound courses are mainly composed of three classes: water, field and site. Including water courses: swimming, diving, rafting, rowing; field courses include: hiking camping, mountain climbing, orienteering, paragliding, outdoor survival skills; site of special training courses in the field, using a variety of training facilities, such as the elevated net, carry out a variety of courses and climbing team skip, psychological training.
训练通常有以下四个环节：
Training usually has the following four aspects:
1、团队热身。在培训开始时，团队热身活动将有助于加深学员之间的相互了解，消除紧张，建立团队，以便轻松愉悦的投入到各项培训活动中去。
1. Team warming up. At the beginning of the training, the team warming up activities will help to deepen the mutual understanding among students, eliminate tension, set up a team, so as to easily and happily put into the various training activities.
2、个人项目。本着心理挑战最大、体能冒险最小的原则设计,每项活动对受训者的心理承受力都是一次极大的考验。
2, personal project. According to the principle of maximum psychological challenge and minimal physical risk, each activity is a great test for the psychological endurance of the trainees.
3、团队项目。团队项目以改善受训者的合作意识和受训集体的团队精神为目标，通过复杂而艰巨的活动项目，促进学员之间的相互信任、理解、默契和配合。
3. Team project. The team project aims to improve the sense of cooperation of the trainees and the team spirit of the trainees, and promote the mutual trust, understanding, tacit understanding and cooperation between the trainees through complex and difficult activities.
4、回顾总结。回顾将帮助学员消化、整理、提升训练中的体验，以便达到活动的具体目的。总结，使学员能将培训的收获迁移到工作中去，以实现整体培训目标。
4. Review and summary. Review will help students digest, organize, enhance the experience in training, so as to achieve the specific purpose of activities. Summary, so that students can transfer the training harvest to work, in order to achieve the overall training objectives.
拓展训练的显著特点有：
The salient features of outward bound are:
1、 综合活动性。拓展训练的所有项目都以体能活动为引导，引发出认知活动、情感活动、意志活动和交往活动，有明确的操作过程，要求学员全身心的投入。
1, comprehensive activity. All the items of outward bound are guided by physical activities, which lead to cognitive activities, emotional activities, volitional activities and communicative activities, and have definite operation process, requiring students to devote themselves wholeheartedly.
2、 挑战极限。拓展训练的项目都具有一定的难度，表现在心理考验上，需要学员向自己的能力极限挑战，跨越"极限"。
2, challenge the limit. The outward bound training project has certain difficulty, displays in the psychological test, needs the student to own ability limit challenge, leaps across "the limit"".
3、 集体中的个性。拓展训练实行分组活动，强调集体合作。力图使每一名学员竭尽全力为集体争取荣誉，同时从集体中吸取巨大的力量和信心，在集体中显示个性。
3, individuality in the collective. Outward bound is divided into group activities and collective cooperation. Try to make every student try his best to win honor for the collective, and draw great strength and confidence from the collective, show individuality in the collective.
4、 高峰体验。在克服困难，顺利完成课程要求以后，学员能够体会到发自内心的胜利感和自豪感，获得人生难得的高峰体验。
4, peak experience. After overcoming the difficulties and successfully completing the curriculum requirements, students can feel the sense of victory and pride from the heart, and gain the peak experience of life.
5、 自我教育。教员只是在课前把课程的内容、目的、要求以及必要的安全注意事项向学员讲清楚，活动中一般不进行讲述，也不参与讨论，充分尊重学员的主体地位和主观能动性。即使在课后的总结中，教员只是点到为止，主要让学员自己来讲。达到了自我教育的目的。
5, self education. The teacher only talks about the content, purpose, requirements and necessary safety precautions of the course before class. The students usually do not talk about it, nor participate in the discussion, and fully respect the subject status and subjective initiative of the trainees. Even when class summary, the teacher just beyond that, the main participants themselves. Achieve the purpose of self-education.
6、 通过拓展训练，参训者在如下方面有显著的提高：认识自身潜能，增强自信心，改善自身形象；克服心理惰性，磨练战胜困难的毅力；启发想象力与创造力，提高解决问题的能力；认识群体的作用，增进对集体的参与意识与责任心；改善人际关系，学会关心，更为融洽地与群体合作；学习欣赏、关注和爱护大自然。
6, through training, the trainees have significantly improved in the following aspects: the awareness of their own potential, enhance self-confidence, improve their image; overcoming psychological inertia, hone their perseverance to overcome difficulties; inspire imagination and creativity, improve the ability to solve problems; understanding the role of groups, enhance the participation of the collective consciousness and sense of responsibility; improve interpersonal relationship, learn to care, a more harmonious cooperation with the group; learn to appreciate concern and care for nature.
野外拓展的魅力来自于：
The charm of outdoor development comes from:
自然之美：海上日出、原始森林、鸟语花香、天然氧吧、浩阔星空。
Natural beauty: sea sunrise, primeval forest, natural oxygen bar, haokuo star, birds'twitter and fragrance of flowers.
挑战之美：丛林穿越、徒手攀岩、悬崖速降、扎筏泅渡、野外定向。
Challenge: the beauty through the jungle, free climbing, cliff downhill, grips the raft, orienteering.
心灵之美：团队合作、相互信任、真诚交流、放飞梦想、高峰体验。
Spiritual beauty: teamwork, mutual trust, sincere communication, flying dreams, peak experience.
参训个人将会有如下收益：
The person will have the following benefits:
*体验野外探险乐趣自然、领略大自然中各种各样的挑战与刺激。
Experience the adventure of nature, enjoy the natural challenges and stimulate all kinds of challenges in nature.
*学习到基本的野外探险技术和生存技巧。
Learning basic field exploration techniques and survival skills.
*认识自身潜能，增强自身信心。
Recognize your potential and increase your confidence.
*克服心理惰性，磨练战胜困难的毅力。
Overcoming mental inertia and honing the will to overcome difficulties.
*调适身心状态，乐观面对工作与生活的挑战。
Adjust the state of mind and body, and face the challenge of work and life optimistically.
*认识群体的作用，增进对集体的参与意识和责任心。
Recognize the role of the group, and enhance the sense of participation and responsibility of the collective.
*改善人际关系，学习关心和更融洽地与他人合作。
Improve relationships, learn to care, and work with others more harmoniously.
1、高空项目（4项 ）
1, high altitude project (4 items)
跳出真我、巨人梯、天使之手、断桥
Jump out of me, the giant staircase, the angel hand, the broken bridge
2、水上项目（5项）
2. Aquatic projects (5 items)
建桥过河、抢滩登陆、 水上过桥抽板、水上独木桥、涉水爆瀑
The bridge across the river, landing, water, water bridge, burn the bridge after crossing it burst wading waterfall
3、陆地项目（25项）
3. Land projects (25 items)
毕业墙、蜘蛛网、大脚板、过河抽板车、 泰山绳、生化危机、拆炸弹、孤岛求生、信任倒、生死电网、同心石、怪兽过河
Graduation wall, spider webs, padfoot, river, Taishan, a drawing rope, bomb, biochemical crisis, trust, and survival island grid, concentric stone, river monster