Outward bound is a challenging new sport. In recent years, with its unique creativity and participatory way, outward bound has been gradually promoted. It is not to be ignored that the security problem is particularly important in the many links of the development of the training process. Based on the literature data and my own practical experience, the author puts forward the development of training safety risks and effective evasion methods, so as to ensure the safety of trainers and the healthy and sustainable development of Outward Bound training.

[关键词]拓展训练;安全风险;规避方法

[Key words] expand training; safety risk; evasion method

拓展训练，是一种体验式学习，根据体验者的特点精心去设计内容，让体验者在解决问题和挑战困难的参与过程中体验其中的道理，让体验者锻炼自己、提高能力。由于该项目特有的参与性、挑战性、趣味性等鲜明特点，具有无可代替的教育效果的同时，不可避免地具有安全风险。教师对安全风险的准确评估和有效规避是防止与减少安全事故发生的关键。目前在社会层面上，对拓展安全风险的研究还处于缺失状态，还需加强对安全风险的识别、评估分析影响因素及采取有针对性的规避措施。

Outward bound is an experiential learning. According to the characteristics of the experiencer, we carefully design the content, let the experiencer experience the truth in the process of solving problems and challenging difficult participation, and let the experiencer train himself and improve his ability. Because of its distinctive participatory, challenging and interesting characteristics, the project has an incomparable educational effect and inevitably has security risks. The key to prevent and reduce the occurrence of safety accidents is the teacher's accurate assessment and effective avoidance of safety risk. At present, the research on expanding the safety risk is still in a state of absence at the social level, and we need to strengthen the identification, assessment, analysis and influencing factors of safety risk and take targeted measures to avoid it.

1 拓展训练安全风险的准确识别和有效评估

1 accurate identification and effective evaluation of safety risk in expansion training

1.1 拓展训练的安全风险分类

1.1 classification of safety risk in extended training

拓展训练风险各异，因此从不同的角度认识拓展训练安全风险是十分必要和必需的。

The risk of expanding training is different, so it is necessary and necessary to understand the security risk of training from different angles.

按风险程度的大小划分，拓展训练风险有重大、中等、轻微之分。拓展训练的风险程度与安全事故呈正相关，风险越大，发生安全事故的严重性越高，反之亦然。

According to the size of the degree of risk, there is a significant, medium, and slight extension of the training risk. The risk of expanding training is positively related to safety accidents. The greater the risk, the higher the severity of the accidents, and vice versa.

按风险的存在表现形式划分，分为隐患和暴露，隐患风险容易被人们忽视，并且把握起来有些难度;暴露风险相对来说容易把握和规避。

According to the manifestation of risk, it can be divided into hidden trouble and exposure. Hidden risks are easily ignored by people, and it is difficult to grasp. Exposure risk is relatively easy to grasp and avoid.

按风险存在的不同项目划分，拓展训练的安全风险主要分为水上、野外、基地、室内、高空等，每个项目的风险系数大小不一。

According to the different projects with different risks, the safety risk of outward bound is mainly divided into water, field, base, indoor and high altitude. Each project has different risk coefficients.

按风险发生的载体划分，拓展训练的安全风险可以分为项目器材安全风险和场地安全风险，需要解释的是，二者有时会发生相互叠加的危险，因此要格外的注意。

According to the carrier of risk, the safety risk of outward bound can be divided into project material safety risk and site safety risk. It needs to be explained that the two will sometimes overlap with each other, so we must pay special attention to it.

1.2 拓展训练安全风险的识别方法与评估

1.2 identification method and evaluation of safety risk in expansion training

目前，风险管理中比较常用的风险识别方法主要有：现场调查法、检查表法、流程图法、事故树法、可行性研究法等。虽然可使用的风险识别方法有很多，风险管理人员应当根据自身的实际需要和具体的管理情景选择不同的识别方法或者选择某几种识别方法的组合。

At present, the risk identification method commonly used in risk management are: field investigation, inspection method, flow chart method, fault tree method and feasibility study method etc.. Although there are many ways to identify risks, risk managers should choose different recognition methods or select combinations of certain methods according to their actual needs and specific management scenarios.

风险评估是测评某一事件或事物带来的影响或损失的可能程度使其量化。评估方法可以采取风险因素分析法、定性风险评价法、定量风险评价法等。风险因素分析法一般先“寻找风险源”，识别“风险转化条件”，确定“转化条件”是否具备，估计“风险发生的后果”，最后做出“风险评价”。定性风险评价法是指通过观察、调查与分析，借助经验、专业判断等对拓展训练安全风险进行定性评估。定量风险评价法通过某项风险过去发生伤害事故的次数与风险本身比率，计算其风险程度。

Risk assessment is a measure of the extent of the impact or loss caused by an event or thing. The evaluation method can take the risk factor analysis method, the qualitative risk evaluation method, the quantitative risk evaluation method and so on. Risk factor analysis usually first looks for the risk source, identifies the risk transformation conditions, determines whether the transformation conditions are available, estimates the consequences of risk, and finally makes "risk assessment". Qualitative risk assessment means that through observation, investigation and analysis, with the help of experience and professional judgment, the qualitative evaluation of the safety risk of training is carried out. The quantitative risk assessment method calculates the degree of risk by the ratio of the number of injury accidents and the risk itself through a certain risk.

2 影响拓展训练安全的因素

2 factors affecting the development of training safety

2.1 人的因素

The factors of the 2.1 people

人的因素是指人的行为的结果偏离了预定的标准，也称“人的失误”。拓展训练中实施训练工作人员的职责业务水平要求是相当高的，有些拓展训练事故的发生原因就是因为工作人员的失误，易犯以下错误：安全防范意识弱、脱险技术不熟练、对学员的指示不明确、监控力度不够、未能及时纠正错误、训练设计不全面、训练手段不够灵活、不了解不同人群的特点和需要。所以要想避免以上不良情况，更需要拓展工作人员通过不断学习和实践，使自己成为一个更加专业的拓展训练师。

The human factor is that the result of human behavior deviates from the predetermined standard, also known as "human error". To expand the training in the implementation of the training of personnel responsibilities of business level requirements are quite high, some expansion causes training accidents because of staff mistakes, to make the following mistakes: weak consciousness, escape the unskilled to students is not clear, indicating inadequate monitoring, failed to correct the error, the design is not comprehensive training the training means is not flexible enough, do not understand the characteristics of different groups of people and the need for security. Therefore, if we want to avoid these bad situations, we need to expand our staff to become a more professional trainer through continuous learning and practice.

2.2 物的因素

Factors of 2.2 objects

物的因素是指由于物的性能低下而不能实现预定的目标，也称“物的故障”。主要分为场地的选择和设施器材安全。据中国登山协会装备器材部的相关调查，全国大部分拓展训练机构都不具有场地设计和施工的资质，济南黄河森林公园基地曾经发生垮塌事故。不同的场地选择对应的风险也是不同的，野外拓展环境因不可控因素增加，比人工场地的风险更大;然而人工建成的拓展训练场地，易在认识上产生疏忽大意，需要更加注重细节以降低风险，并且在建设场地难免会出现一些“门外汉”的负责人，例如，在他们看来场地应该是水泥地或是塑胶，这样的场地才是规范的，其实从安全性来说最原始的有土的场地在一些小的摔跤受伤方面要好过塑胶和水泥地。设备器材、保护器械的安全选择与使用对拓展训练起着至关重要

The factor of the object is that the target can not be achieved because of the low performance of the object, also called "the fault of the object". It is mainly divided into the selection of site and the safety of facilities and equipment. According to the relevant investigation of China Mountaineering Association equipment and materials department, most of the national training institutions do not have the qualification of site design and construction. The collapse accident happened at the Forest Park base in the Yellow River, Ji'nan. Different site selection of the corresponding risk is different, to expand the field environment due to the increase of uncontrollable factors, greater risk than artificial site; however, constructed the expansion of training facilities, prone to carelessness in understanding, needs to pay more attention to the details in order to reduce the risk, and in the construction site there will be some "layman" the person in charge, for example, in their opinion, the venue should be concrete or plastic, this site is the norm, in fact, from the security the most primitive soil site in some small wrestling injury is better than plastic and cement. The safety selection and use of equipment and equipment are very important to the development of training.